The Myth Of The Bible - 1392 Words

There are many aspects of christianity that cause me to wonder if the god that I have been taught about my entire life exists. The matter of creation is not one of the things that causes my doubt. Many atheists cite the proof of evolution as their reason to disprove the bible because it clearly teaches young earth creationism. They along with the majority of christians are wrong. Evolution, the Big Bang and science do not completely conflict with the bible. In order to truly understand the bible you must realize that it is not an almanac or historical account of history. It is a collection of many forms of writing that were put together to convey a message. Christians should not cling to their arrogance and continue to make preposterous claims that turn agnostics, atheists, and other theists away from Christianity. Old earth creationism is the only way that the bible should be interpreted. In this paper rather than providing science I will simply show how young earth creationist clai ms about the age of the earth are unfounded. Young earth creationists believe the universe has existed for about 7,000 years. They provide â€Å"proof† for this interpretation in two major ways. The young earth interpretation takes the use of the hebrew word Yà ´m to mean a literal 24 hour day. meaning that Adam (if Adam was even an actual person) was literally created 6 days after the universe itself came into existence. Young earth creationists then trace the genealogies found in the bible to find theShow MoreRelatedThe Bible Among The Myths3214 Words   |  13 PagesIn The Bible Among the Myths, John N. Oswalt, opens up his book by establishing his expertise in the subject of the Ancient Near East (ANE). Oswalt started his study into the ANE at Asbury Theological Seminary. After attending Asbury Theological Seminary, he went to Brandeis University. This is where his fascination with the subjects and Ideas of the ANE started to grow. Oswalt eventually went on to teach at Asbury Theological Seminary, Trinity Evangeli cal Divinity School, and Wesley Biblical SeminaryRead MoreThe Bible Is True And Not Myths1258 Words   |  6 PagesArchaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology and the Old TestamentRead MoreThe Bible Is True And Not Myths1258 Words   |  6 PagesArchaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical stories are true and not myths, as the world believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the people back i n the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major events, like battles, have gone on and during what year, they happened. According to Archeology and the Old TestamentRead MoreEssay on The Bible Among the Myths Summary3696 Words   |  15 PagesSUMMARY OF JOHN N. OSWALT’S BOOK THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS David Strickland Old Testament Introduction - OBST 590 June 1, 2013 Introduction The author, John N. Oswalt, was first introduced to the subject of this book in his seminary studies in the 1960s. Oswalt introduces his book with a narrative of the similarities and differences that exist between the Old Testament and the literature of the Ancient Near East. Prior to the 1960s scholars believed that the Old Testament was unique and didRead MoreEssay on Book Summary of the Bible Among the Myths2904 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Author John N. Oswalt begins The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature? with a concise and well-written introduction that whets the reader’s appetite, compelling one to continue reading. He begins by informing the reader that his novel has been in the works dating all of the way back to the 1960s, when he attended the Asbury Theological Seminary. Oswalt quickly points out that one of the main points that the book will focus on is determining if â€Å"theRead MoreChapter Summary: The Bible Among the Myths Essay5414 Words   |  22 PagesIntroduction Oswalt first learned about the issues in â€Å"The Bible Among the Myths† while taking a class taught by Dennis Kinlaw at Asbury Theological Seminary. His interest in the subject has grown since with graduate study and his own classes which he taught. William F. Albright, his students, and G. Ernest Wright led the rethinking of the evolutionary paradigm within the philosophy of Idealism. Although they believed the differences between the ways the Israelites thought and their neighbor’sRead More Flood Myth of the Holy Bible and the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Myth1641 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sin-leqi-unninni version. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.    Harris, Stephen L. â€Å"Gilgamesh.† The Humanist Tradition in World Literature. Ed. Stephen Harris. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1970.    Ignatius Holy Bible. Revised Standard Version, Catholic Edition. San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1966.    Sandars. N. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Penguin Books, 1972.Read MoreEssay about Book Summary The Bible Among the Myths2835 Words   |  12 Pagesauthor also introduces the characteristics of myth. 1) That human beings have little or no real value. 2) The relative lack of interest in historical studies. 3) The practice of magic and the occult. 4) The refusal to accept responsibility for individual actions. The final part of the introduction claims that the trustworthiness of the theological issues is contingent upon the trustworthiness of the historical claims. CHAPTER ONE THE BIBLE IN ITS WORLD In the first chapter it is toldRead More Comparing Creation Myths of Ancient Egypt and The Christian Bible1218 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Creation Myths of Ancient Egypt and The Christian Bible Creation in Ancient Egyptian religion can be much different than the creation account taken from The Bible. Genesis has a set description of â€Å"The Beginning† while there are several different versions and variations in Egyptian mythology. The versions range from a â€Å"one god† myth (Ptah; see picture) to the more common creator out of Nun, which in itself has several derivations. The Ogdoad is a grouping of eight gods that existedRead MoreBook Summary: the Bible Among the Myths by John N. Oswalt Essay3529 Words   |  15 PagesABSTRACT John Oswalt, in his book The Bible Among the Myths, presents his position to the reader that the bible is different and separate from other writings of the Ancient Near East. He asserts the Bible is both historically accurate and theologically sound. He makes the defense the Bible was divinely inspired and revealed to humanity and unique from other Ancient Near East literature. There was a time when the Bible, and the Israelite religion was different from its neighboring societies.

The Unhealthy Ingredients of Fast Food - 1026 Words

The development of fast food was revolutionary; however this revolution was corrupted by big business and their desire to maximize profit. With fast food being a staple for society, due to its convenience, the consumers fail to realize what is inside that burger they are eating. These cost effective additives may be justifiable in a businessman’s perspective but what about the consumer? Cellulose, or better know as wood, doesn’t come to mind as millions of uniformed customers chow down on their McNuggets. This additive is not simply pieces of tree bark cleverly hidden within fast food, but it is a past or powder (FoodBabe). Wood pulp is added to fast foods because of its caloric value of zero. With the absence of calories, these foods provide no nutritional value besides giving its consumers that satisfying full feeling. This full feeling still comes at a price of 37 percent of the consumers daily calories ( According to the FDA cellulose, â€Å"In man, consumption of large amounts appears to have no effect other tan providing dietary bulk, reducing nutritive value of such food stuffs and possibly exerting a laxative effect.† (FDA) There are many abusers of this filler including: McDonalds, Taco Bell, Jack in the Box, Wendy’s, Arby’s, and Sonic. Calories have become important in the world, so is it really the companies fault for filling their products with foods that have little caloric value or is it the consumers that have brought this upon themselves? This cheap additiveShow MoreRelatedFast Foods And Fast Food Restaurants1458 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not go a day without eating a fast food meal. There has been a significant rise in obesity rates in America as fast food restaurant establishments are becoming more and more popular. It’s no coincidence that as the fast food industry’s popularity is rising; the obesity rates of Americans are rising as well. The reason for the increase in popularity of fast food restaurants is simply because of convenience. Take McDonald’s for example: they offer consumers food that can ready to eat within aRead MoreObesity Is A Serious Public Concern862 Words   |  4 PagesObesity has increased rapidly in the U.S. since the 1970s. At the same time, the number of fast food restaurants more than doubled over the same time period. Exposes such as â€Å"Fast Food Nation† (Schlosser, 2001) and â€Å"Supersize Me† (Spurlock, 2004) highlight the popular perception that these two trends may be related—the availability of fast food may have caused at least some of the increase in obesity. Obesity has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney problems andRead MoreFast Food Restaurant s Cause Obesity1259 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society think that fast food restaurant s cause obesity, but they most likely do not. It is a person’s choice of what they put in their body. Even though thousands of fast food restaurants have to follow certain pricing standards, their cheap food is usually unhealthy and their expensive food is usually healthy, the amount of individual responsibility depends on whether you keep your weight normal or if you don’t pay attention to your weight, and the amount of fast food restaurants responsibilityRead MoreWhy Does America Have An Obesity Problem?1600 Words   |  7 Pagesto provide a better dietary path for American citizens by working on motivating individuals to make better choices in their diet, pushing Super markets and industries to work together to lower prices of healthier foods, and placing policies and banning unhealthy ingredients in junk foods. It may not be the governments fault, but obesity is such a big issue in American culture that we need to make some major changes and the government is the only one who can make that happen. The government is notRead MoreMcDonalds: Cause and Effect900 Words   |  4 Pagesthey have delicious food, they do not know what they are actually consuming. McDonalds attracts their customers with cheap prices and convenience, creating easy access for people to buy food. McDonalds should offer healthier options because their food contains unhealthy chemicals, causes obesity, and risks disease. The chemicals in McDonald’s food are used to enhance the flavor, but they do much more than that. Meaning, McDonalds incorporates unnecessary ingredients in their food that are proven toRead MoreIs Fast Food Good Or Bad?1100 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages Disadvantages of Fast Food More than 14, 350 McDonald’s restaurants in the United States alone, and over 18, 875 KFC’s worldwide, only goes to reflect the popularity of fast food all over the world. Fast food can be defined as food that is easily and quickly prepared and is sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken out. Such food fits perfectly into the fast-paced life of a modern, working individual. Although nothing appeals more to a hard-working professionalRead MoreFast Food Vs Healthy Homemade Meals Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesFast Food vs Healthy Homemade Meals In today’s society, most people plan their daily meals around their busy schedules. Food plays an important role in our lives and most just rely on fast food because it is quicker and easier. However, devouring fast food is one of the worst choices you can make. In order to maintain proper health and prevent numerous illnesses and diseases, consuming healthy homemade meals is definitely a more ideal choice. According to a recent study, â€Å"when people cook mostRead MoreFast Food Vs. Healthy Homemade Meals Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesFast Food vs. Healthy, Homemade Meals In today’s society, most people plan their daily meals around their busy schedules. Food plays an important role in our lives and most people prefer what is quicker and easier on a day-to-day basis. However, devouring fast food is one of the worst choices you can make. In order to maintain proper health and prevent numerous illnesses and diseases, consuming healthy homemade meals is definitely a more ideal choice. According to a recent study, â€Å"when peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Lunches1052 Words   |  5 PagesMany of us have attended school once in our life. And many of us have tasted the dreadful school lunches that are served. Various people believe that schools need to provide more food in a meal. Society has been conversing about the nutrious value in a school meal and they wonder if the meat in the lunches are real or completely fake â€Å"beef†. School lunches have become even more unacceptable and need to be re-thought for the health of the y ounger generations. To start off school lunches have becomeRead MoreEric Schlossers Fast Food Nation: Undermining American Values1347 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew F. Smith once said, â€Å"Eating at fast food outlets and other restaurants is simply a manifestation of the commodification of time coupled with the relatively low value many Americans have placed on the food they eat†. In the non-fiction book, â€Å"Fast Food Nation† by Eric Schlosser, the author had first-hand experiences on the aspects of fast food and conveyed that it has changed agriculture that we today did not have noticed. We eat fast food everyday and it has become an addiction that regards

Cn Case Study Essay examples - 2185 Words

Executive Summary: My decision as the President and CEO of CN, Hunter E. Harrison, is to continue with our strategic focus on continuing to improve productivity and customer service along with a new directive moving forward to continue to grow our sales, profits, cash flow and market value. CN will implement a new strategic focus to expand the share of rail traffic in North America by directing overseas traffic flows on to our network. In order to grow with expansion possibilities in North America being limited and the growth in NAFTA trade declining, CN requires a solid strategy to capture the growing importance of Asian markets. CN will invest and/or partner in international logistics as a freight forwarder intermediary to assist†¦show more content†¦CN deals with both regulatory agencies in the US and Canada for safety and security, cross-border mergers and acquisitions, where there is an absence of political integration and harmonization so CN must keep their identity as both an America n and Canadian company despite their integrated North American structure and operations. There is a rise in demand for Asian trade due to lower total costs compared to the costs of a North American product. CN wants to increase revenue and profits by participating in this market transporting goods in and out the Asia and North American markets. If CN were to expand internationally with rail lines and operate like their North American network there are many factors to consider such as government regulations, costs, infrastructure and technology. The Asian Development Bank’s share of total lending for transportation infrastructure has been rising with relatively large programs in China and Southeast Asia. China, Mexico and parts of Southeast Asia, in particular, are quickly expanding or enhancing road and rail infrastructure, supporting rapid growth in their respective economies. China’s railway system has been in decline, but leadership has realized the need to upg rade the rail system in order to connect the less developed, but resource rich, northern and western parts of the economy with more prosperous manufacturing centers in the East. This will foster development outside the coastal provinces.Show MoreRelatedEsstrogen Signaling In The Cns Case Study775 Words   |  4 PagesEstrogen Signaling in the CNS: Estrogens act on the body through several different mechanisms, all of which involve some type of ER (Hall, Couse, Korach, 2001). Genomic actions, such as the classical ligand-dependent actions, are slower and typically longer lasting while cell-surface non-genomic actions are typically much faster, with effects seen in minutes of seconds (Losel Wehling, 2003). Local aromatase activity can have a profound effect on estrogen-dependent signaling (Charlier et al.Read MoreEssay about Its Time To Make Marijuana Legal for Recreational Use 923 Words   |  4 Pagesharmless to the adult user. Several studies have concluded that even long-term use of marijuana is not associated with an increased cancer risk. This includes cancers of the lungs, prostate, breasts, or cervix among others under current study. A recent population-based case-control study in 2009 even found that light marijuana usage over a 20 year period was associated with a lowered risk of head and neck cancer, and a 5-year -long population-based case control study found that even long-term heavy marijuanaRead MoreHiv And Aids : A Member Of The Lentivirus Family1330 Words   |  6 PagesHIV-1 and AIDS Overall HIV is a member of the lentivirus family. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Although both types infect cells in similar ways and appear to cause clinically indistinguishable AIDS, studies showed that HIV-1 is the predominant virus type. Infections of HIV-2 are: 1) rarely found outside of West Africa (de Silva et al., 2008), and 2) seldom progressed to AIDS or lead to HAND (Rowland-Jones and Whittle, 2007). On the other hand, more than 34 million individuals wereRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactive Disorder923 Words   |  4 PagesAttention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder, also known as ADHA, is a disorder that causes difficulties in sustaining attention and/ or hyperactivity impulsivity in children, adolescents, and some cases untreated adults (Gustafsson, Holmstrom, Besjakov, Karlsson, 2010). A child with ADHD may show signs of restlessness, easily distracted, difficulty with organization, being physically active, and many more. ADHD has become a development disorder f or many because many of the symptoms can cause behavioralRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus1183 Words   |  5 PagesSLE, NP SLE, steroids, reversible INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology that can affect many organs and systems (Sato, 2002). The studies show a higher prevalence in women (approximately 90% of cases), especially during childbearing years, i.e. between 15 and 45 years of age; more common in women of black ethnicity than in Caucasian ones at a ratio of 3:1 , but it can occur in all ethnic groups and geographic regionsRead MoreBiological Hazards And Physical Hazards1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are multiple individual differences that make some people more vulnerable to stress, where the identical stimuli cause exaggerated stress responses (ES-2014). Gene-environment interactions in PD Because of the low heritability of PD, more studies focusing on environmental exposures about the PD mechanism (AH-2012). Researchers may focus on both chemical hazards and physical hazards (AH-2012). Exposure to environmental factors or mutations in PD-associated genes of patients may cause mitochondrialRead MoreEssay on Health Pathway Case Study1584 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper discusses the unsatisfactory professional conduct displayed by the Clinical Specialist nurse (CNS) in the provided case study. There are four main points of conduct that need to be discussed firstly the lack of an appropriate assessment of the patient’s condition being undertaken. Secondly the obvious lack of appropriate documentation that was recorded during and after the consultation. Thirdly the fact the medical officer (MO) was never informed nor did any requests be made for theRead MoreWhat Is The Time Delay Parameter Uniform?1252 Words   |  6 Pages\subsection{time delay parameter unif orm} In the direction of numerical study of singularly perturbed partial differential equations with time delay, much can be seen in \cite{57,235,236}, and the references therein. In particular, the authors in \cite{235} designed parameter uniform numerical methods using the fitted mesh and fitted operator approach, respectively, which results in uniform convergence of first order in time and second order in spatial direction. High order numerical methods areRead MoreThe Pathology Of Multiple Sclerosis1727 Words   |  7 PagesSclerosis Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic disease that affects the Central Nervous System (CNS) through cellular immune response and the demyelination of CNS white matter (McCance et al., 2014, pp. 630–633). The initial causes of MS are unknown however, it is believed that it could possibly be due to an immune response to an initiating infection or an autoimmune response to CNS antigens on the myelin itself (Brà ¼ck, 2005) (Miljković and Spasojević, 2013). MS is a result of the degradationRead MoreRegeneration And Central Nervous System1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe above process to neuronal regeneration takes place both in the peripheral and central nervous system however, a number of factors are present in the CNS for example Spinal cord injury causes a rapid stop of regeneration of damaged axons. The site of a spinal cord injury as a result of the phenomena occur eventually to produce a cavity filled with liquid syringomyelic CSF and covered with a layer of glial scar. This scar and cavity form a loss of continuity of long nerve pathways of the spinal

Social Media Research Paper - 1448 Words

Create A Presence On Any And All Relevant Web Properties Your company should already have Twitter, Facebook, and Google+ accounts, at minimum. If you’re in a highly competitive market and vertical, you may need to be active on some additional social media sites, as well — there are dozens available, some of which may be specific to your industry. For many B2B, high-tech and/or professional types of businesses, having executives and employees integrate with LinkedIn may be valuable. For visually-oriented products, using Pinterest, Instagram and Flickr may be needed. And, most businesses will benefit from some number of videos shared through sites such as YouTube and Vimeo. 2. Don’t Neglect Your Social Media Accounts It’s important to†¦show more content†¦There are quite a few businesses where the company’s identity is fairly entangled with their executives, and a solid reputation management strategy is vital for these. Consumers often search by name for doctors, dentists, and lawyers (to name a few), so create collateral to rank for these individuals if they don’t already have any. 5. Implement Authorship Where Applicable I declared Authorship to be my top marketing tactic of 2013, and it’s still a significant advantage when done properly. This is primarily for businesses where a founder/proprietor is closely associated with the business’s identity. Google requires authors to be individuals; thus, the author tag must be associated with an individual Google+ profile, not with a business page. Using the author tag assumes you’ll be doing some ongoing publishing of articles or blog posts over time or else it’s not worthwhile — which leads us to the next point. 6. Blog I’m serious! I’ve called blogging a secret weapon for local SEO because it helps with a site’s rankings on good keywords (if done properly) and provides fodder for one’s social media accounts. For reputation purposes, it not only can rank for your name, it can give you a solid â€Å"home court† ground where you can directly respond to any major assertions made about your company if necessary. 7. Listen When responding to online complaints or bad reviews, seriously consider that there may be someShow MoreRelatedSocial Media Research Paper658 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Media Emily Baker Computer Literacy (ADF1206C) Instructor:   Edward  Bakker March 8th, 2012 Most people do have some type of social media account. Between Facebook, Twitter and Youtube there are many issues with these websites. With most people it’s just a simple way of connecting with other people, but for some people there are issues with addiction, copyright, privacy, you could offend people, legalized stalking. For Facebook there are many ways you could use this socialRead MoreSocial Media Accounts Of Employees Research Paper1320 Words   |  6 PagesAlmost everyone in developed countries, during this day and age, has social media accounts. There are many platforms of social media including but not limited to: facebook, twitter, instagram, snapchat, myspace, linkedin, etc†¦ And there are many reasons for using these social media platforms such as: keeping contact with old friends and distant relatives, meeting new people and sharing life experiences with people around the globe, or stalking that cute girl at work but never making contact. AmongRead MoreResearch Paper On Five Ways To Ensure Social Media Safety1044 Words   |  5 Pages6 Ways To Ensure Social Media Safety The growth and evolution of social media have influenced our social and business dynamics. We share more content than ever before in a bid to stay connected, we are less mindful of strangers and we sometimes feel invincible online. However, the level of connectivity offered by social media is quickly growing into our undoing. We are now more vulnerable than ever and this is a risk we cannot afford to take in this day and age when everyone with the know-how canRead MoreThe Impact Of Marketing On The Marketing Sector Upon Graduation1498 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of marketing in current economic trend and how it could be a crucial factor in regard of consumer spending. Developing plans and strategies for marketing has been more challenging than ever, I find the social media marketing particularly interesting as people spend many hours on social media platform; the mechanics involved can provide a in depth explanation as to the consumer culture and spending trend. In a free economy reso urces are allocated by the interaction of demand and supply, marketingRead MoreGen 499 General Education Capstone Entire Course980 Words   |  4 Pagescom/downloads/gen-499-general-education-capstone-entire-course/ Description: GEN 499 Week 1 DQ 1 Final Research Paper Topic and Plan GEN 499 Week 1 DQ 2 Social Media GEN 499 Week 2 DQ 1 Professional Resume and Cover Letter GEN 499 Week 2 Assignment Critiquing Internet Sources GEN 499 Week 3 DQ 1 Social Capital GEN 499 Week 3 DQ 2 Federal Policy GEN 499 Week 3 Assignment Annotated Bibliography GEN 499 Week 4 DQ 1 Call to Action GEN 499 Week 4 DQ 2 Final Research Paper Progress GEN 499 Week 4 Critical Thinking Quiz GEN 499 WeekRead MoreMedia And Social Media713 Words   |  3 Pagessignificant influence of mass media, especially social media, virtual social networks and mobile messaging tools, the various dimensions of human life more influenced by these emerging technological platforms in the age of information and information society. In the present era, social media has become an integral part of our lives. All aspects of our lives have changed from politics to society, culture, and economics via social media and new technologies. Social media has caused revolutionary changesRead MoreAnalysis Of M. Nick Hajli s M 1067 Words   |  5 Pagesreader the ways in which social media provokes social interaction amongst society. Hajli specifically states that he strives to â€Å" ...show how social media facilitate(s) the social interaction of consumers, leading to increased trust and intention to buy† ( Hajli, 387) . Furthermore, Hajli accomplishes his goal of displaying the significance of trust on the consumers’ intention to buy. Hajli accomplishes these goals by explicitly stating his intentions for the entire paper in the abstract and at theRead MoreThe Importance Of Social Communication1170 Words   |  5 Pagesinternet made us look at communication from a different perspective. With that idea in mind, new social media (Facebook, Tweeter, Instagram, etc.) have partially replaced face-to-face interactions, making it a choice, rather than a necessity. We accepted the change, not fully contemplating the extent to which communication online affects our lives. This topic is relevant to social psychology because social media may have greater impact on humanity than just wasted time. It may affect empathy, which isRead MoreAs The World Is Growing, The Social Media Network Is Growing1721 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world is growing, the social media network is growing vastly and rapidly as well. We have various social media sites present in the world among which some of the widely used are Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Similarly, if we investigate, there would more other social media sites that the people have been using in their daily life. Social networking sites which are part of social media are playing a very vital role for the companies and their growth. Social networking sites are helpingRead MoreThe International Communication Association For An Academic Readership1652 Words   |  7 PagesJournal of communication, vol. 53, pp. 88-104. Topic This paper explores the concept of cultivation theory and the way in which violent programming on television can instil fear and influence perceptions when it comes to experiencing crime in the community. In using research findings to explore their hypothesis, the authors focus on analyzing data which underpins their prediction that television viewers are influenced to believe in a social reality, in this case a life threatened by crime, incongruous

Early American Writers Essay Example For Students

Early American Writers Essay In the literature of early American writers there is one common trait among all the writings: religion. Among Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards all speak of their opinion of religion, god, heaven, and material things. Anne Bradstreet was a puritan wife, originally from England but then moved to America. Upon moving and settling into her home, her poems became full of emotion and spoke about concerns from her heart. She was religious and believed that men had superiority over women. A common concern in these religious writers was the unimportance of material things on Earth.In Bradstreets Upon the Burning of Our House July 10th, 1666, her house was burned to the ground. Nevertheless, she did not shed to many tears because she knew that Thou hast an house on high erect, meaning that her real home was in heaven. She found comfort in god and her belief in her made her strong and able to move on in her life. When she starts thinking about all her possessions that she had lost she would Raise up thy thoughts above the sky . . . and remember these things do not matter, what matters is her house on high. Jonathan Edwards also found comfort in god, leading me to sweet contemplations of my great and glorious God. Jonathan was also a puritan from the early America, however, he was a preacher. Like Anne Bradstreet, he did not believe in material things. In his sermon entitle Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, he states now they see that those things on which they depended for peace and safety were nothing but thin air and empty shadows. This statement agrees with what Bradstreet believed in, that nothing (possessions) is important on Earth. If a person has depended on those things for all your life and then they are suddenly taken away from you, you will not know what to do. However, unlike Bradstreet, he portrays god as angry for all the sins of man and ready to punish them for their sins. He says The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spi der, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes than the most hateful venomous serpent is in our He makes people fear god, fearful of ever sinning, and afraid of burning in the fiery pits of hell. He states that There is nothing between you and Hell but the air; it is only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up. Religion has defiantly influenced Jonathan Edwards writings. Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards were both early American writers who contained a common charecteristic in their writtings. Both of these puritan writers have strong thought about religion and did not hold back these thoughts in their writings.

Early History Of The Celts Essay Example For Students

Early History Of The Celts Essay INTRODUCTIONThe Ancient Celts were not an illiterate people, but they transferred their knowledge orally. They had an alphabet of twenty letters called Ogham. Each letter was named after a tree from the land where they lived. Ogham was used on standing stones, primarily on graves and boundary markers. The primary sources of information about the Celts are, in that light, the texts written by the Romans who were in touch with them and Christian monks, who lived in Irish monasteries in the Middle Ages. Caesar, Livy and Tacitus, wrote about their contemporaries who lived in a way different than themselves and therefore were considered ?barbarians, but even though they did not have a positive attitude towards them, they still left some useful information about Celtic society, religion, way of life, and so on. One of the problems that arise from this is that many things in these writings are romanised, e.g. Caesar interprets Celtic gods and calls them by the names of their Roman equivalen ts:?They worship as their divinity, Mercury, in particular, and have many images of him, and regard him as the inventor of all arts, they consider him the guide of their journeys and marches, and believe him to have great influence over the acquisition of gain and mercantile transactions. Next to him they worship Apollo, and Mars, and Jupiter, and Minerva; respecting these deities they have for the most part the same belief as other nations: that Apollo averts diseases, that Minerva imparts the invention of manufactures, that Jupiter possesses the sovereignty of the heavenly powers; that Mars presides over wars. The second type of sources are the books written from 6th 13th century on by Christian monks in Ireland and Celtic Britain. These books were written several centuries later, so the oral tradition might have changed and much of the information was under Christian influences. The Celts were one of the most significant and powerful peoples in Europe from fourth until first cen tury BC, and their culture one of the most influential. From then on they had a turbulent history, and their legacy continues to live even today. The following pages will be an attempt to MAIN PARTToday, Celtic is a family of languages of the Indo ? European group. The Celts are, by definition, all the people who spoke or speak one of the Celtic languages. A unifying Celtic language existed probably somewhere between 1200 and 750 BC, in the Bronze Age, when Urnfield culture was at its peak. This people spoke a language that would later develop into Celtic. Their ?ur- Celtic developed in two dialects, first Goidelic (or Q ? Celtic) and later Brythonic (or P ? Celtic). The P/Q differentiation came from the diverse pronunciations of an Indo ? European sound /kw/. In Goidelic it became /k/, in Brythonic /p/. Goidelic transformed into the languages spoken in Ireland, Isle of Man and Scotland; Brythonic into Welsh, Cornish and Breton. The next period of Celtic history is connected with Hallstatt culture, which existed approximately from 700 to 500 BC. The later Iron Age phase of Celtic culture is called La T?ne, after a site in west ern Switzerland and dates from 5th to 1st century BC. The Celts almost certainly began to expand to the British Isles during this period. Their influence extended from what are now France, Spain, and British Isles to the shores of the Black Sea from the Ukraine to Turkey. When the Romans came to these territories, they ended the La T?ne culture, but in the places they did not occupy, like as Ireland and Scotland, the La T?ne culture prospered until about 200 AD. The word Celt comes from Keltoi, the name that Greek writers gave to these people. To the Romans, the Continental Celts were known as Galli and Galatae, or Gauls and they called those in Britain Pritanni. In the 4th century BC the Celts invaded the world in possession of the Greeks and Romans, conquering northern Italy and sacking Rome, while also conquering Macedonia and Thessaly. They raided Rome in 390 (or 387), conquered southern Italy between 282 and 272, sack Delphi in 279, and the Gauls came to Asia Minor in 278/277. After the height of their power, the Celts (the first Indo-European group to spread across Europe) were pushed north and west by Germans and Romans. Most of Britain came under Roman rule in the 1st century AD and the Celts of central Europe came under the domination of the Germans. When Huns from Asia came later, the Celts were pushed west and north, to England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland and the northern coast of France. In medieval and modern times the Celtic tradition and languages survived in Brittany (Western France), Cornwall, Galicia (North Western Spain), Galatia (Central Turkey), Wales, the Scottish Highlands, Isle of Man and Ireland, and to a lesser extent in the Norse/Celtic culture of Iceland. Social Structure of the Celts (Caesar)?The various Celtic tribes were bound together by common speech, customs, and religion, rather than by any well defined central governments. The absence of political unity, contributed substantially to the extinction of their way of life, maki ng them vulnerable to their enemies. Warfare was the basis of the early Celtic societies. Their technique of warfare was to run towards the rival army and scream and beat their spears and swords against their shields, and it seemed that not only the Celts, but also the land around them was making the noise, so the enemy was often shocked and tried to run away. They fought in smaller groups. The Celts main weapons were sword and spear. Shields were common and were made of basket weave or wood, sometimes they were covered with leather. Bows and slings were sometimes used as well, but were not common. Until the arrival of the Romans, Celtic warfare was primarily among themselves. They liked to settle their battles in such way that the chieftains or kings fought one on one. If the king died, the whole tribe was defeated. When the Celts came into contact with the Romans, they had to change the way they fought to a more structured defence against a larger army, but were never able to enti rely unite against the Romans. Caesar describes them like this: ?The most civilized of all these nations are they who inhabit Kent, which is entirely a maritime district, nor do they differ much from the Gallic customs. Most of the inland inhabitants do not sow corn, but live on milk and flesh, and are clad with skins. All the Britains, indeed, dye themselves with wood, which occasions a bluish colour, and thereby have a more terrible appearance in fight. They wear their hair long, and have every part of their body shaved except their head and upper lip. Ten and even twelve have wives common to them, and particularly brothers among brothers, and parents among their children; but if there be any issue by these wives, they are reputed to be the children of those by whom respectively each was first espoused when a virgin. Celtic society was based almost exclusively on the raising of cattle or sheep; there was some agriculture in the Celtic world, but not much. Their main crop was wheat . There was no trade or commerce; everything was in the form of exchange. They refused to take money for their goods from other peoples; they only accepted trade i form of recprocity. Social structure ? Ireland Celtic society was tribal and based on kinship, connected by a system of laws and social customs, known as the Brehon Laws, which existed in Ireland intact for centuries. This was a customary law, based on tradition. The Druids guarded the legal matters and determined the results of disputes. They decided on matters of inheritance, property, marriage, and so on. The extended family, called fine or clann, was the basic social unit, and it consisted of several generations of male descendants from one ancestor. The clan stood behind its members, providing them protection. The whole clan reacted when one of their members would be murdered or insulted. Each individual had his honour price which showed his worth in the fine. Any damage or death imposed by another person required co mpensation to be paid to the fine of the injured party. Blood feud existed as an institution, but it was often avoided with help of professional mediators. Since it was the duty of the clan to protect individuals, crimes against an individual would be crimes against an entire clan. When several families settled on a particular territory they formed a tuath, which was the basic political structure, ruled by a chieftain or a king. Becoming a king was established on a blood relationship, but it was not hereditary. His role was principally dealing outside the tuath and as a war leader. The king was a sacred person ? his death in a battle would mean the defeat of the tuath. The king was the key element of the social structure. He was responsible for the prosperity of the tribe. The king was responsible for the redistribution of wealth in his kingdom. Inside the tuath, society was fundamentally divided into three classes: the Nobility, landowners and warriors; the Aes Dana, men of art and learning, craftsmen, and included the Druids; and the Commoners or Churls who did not own any land but were free and not slaves. Slavery existed amongst the Celts, but their slaves were war captives and other conquered people. The kinship group, and not the individual, was the most important under Brehon law. The kinship group was responsible for the actions of all its members. ?Celtic society was rigidly divided into a class system. Similar class systems predominated among the Indians as well with largely the same categories. The Druids were the educated and occupied the highest social position, just as the Brahmin class occupied the highest social position among the Indians. The Druids were responsible for cultural and religious knowledge as well as the performance of rituals, just as the Brahmins in India. Celtic society had a sharply defined structure of rank or caste (with a possibility of moving up) ? serfs and peasants; freemen and craftsmen; warriors; nobles; kings and prie sthood. The Brehons, or judges, were from the Druid caste. Responsibility was proportional to the rank; systems of behaviour were set for each caste the higher the status, the stricter the rules. The position in society was determined by the ownership of cattle (there was no land ownership in early Celtic society). Land was usually owned in common by the fine, but the leader of the fine probably determined the use of the land. The concept of clientship was important: a nobleman had ?clients ? lower classes who gave him products and services for his protection and support. Rank inside the circles of the nobility of the tuath was determined by individual strength and skill. Special Role of DruidsWhen Celtic religious functions are mentioned, ?Druid is the first word that comes into our minds and is associated with the word ?priest. ?The Druids combined the functions of the priest, the magistrate, the scholar, and the physician. They stood to the people of the Celtic tribes in a relat ion closely analogous to that in which the Brahmans of India, the Magi of Persia, and the priests of the Egyptians stood to the people respectively by whom they were revered. Druids were around from the 2nd century BC to the end of the 2nd century AD, when the Romans conquered the Celtic and with Christianity the Druids pagan religious functions disappeared. There is very little knowledge of the Druids ways because they relied on oral tradition and not on written records. The Druids were responsible for all rituals and for all contacts with the gods. The people could communicate with the gods only through the Druids, except for the divine father god of the tuath any member of his tuath was able to contact him. The Druids were very appreciated and very influential and powerful. They were the teachers, doctors, and lawyers of Celtic society. ?But of these two orders, one is that of the Druids, the other that of the knights. The former are engaged in things sacred, conduct the public and the private sacrifices, and interpret all matters of religion. To these a large number of the young men resort for the purpose of instruction, and they are in great honour among them. For they determine respecting almost all controversies, public and private; and if any crime has been perpetrated, if murder has been committed, if there be any dispute about an inheritance, if any about boundaries, these same persons decide it; they decree rewards and punishments; if any one, either in a private or public capacity, has not submitted to their decision, they interdict him from the sacrifices. The Druids had definitive control in sacred and mundane matters. They were the authority in everything from legal matters to contact with gods. They were experts in the natural world, the animals, useful plants, and the movement and influences of the sun, moon and stars. The laws, history, and traditions of all Celtic life were stored in their memories. ?It took twenty years to learn all the D ruidical cannon, for the Druid functioned not only as minister of religion, with its doctrine of immortality and complete moral system, but also as philosopher, teacher and natural scientist and keeper of the law and its interpretation. Students who were learning to become Druids themselves were taught by repeating the masters words until they would memorize everything. Many of the Druids were literate and they sometimes used writing when dealing with other peoples, they did not want to use it when it came to their knowledge and tradition. They felt this matters should be known by heart and they did not want to risk the knowledge falling into wrong hands and being used against their people. Religion and MythologyThe Celts were polytheistic and their gods were of a more primitive, Indo-European origin. Celtic gods often came in threes; so it was not difficult for them to later accept the Christian concept of Trinity. Celtic had no temples required for their religious rituals, they co ncentrated mainly on the natural environment. When they were going to worship a god, they would make a circle in the open, set an altar in the middle and in that way make a sacred place. Their religion was very much in harmony with their natural surroundings. The Celts measured time by nights followed by days, not the reverse as we do today. They even had a calendar, kept by the Druids, which was based on lunar, and not solar motion. Four major religious festivals marked their seasons. Imbolc, which was held in February, was a pastoral festival of fertility and growth. It was connected with the first milking of the cows. The Unprincipled Family EssayThe earth mother was, together with the Sky father, parent of all the gods. She was connected with the fertility of the land, crops, and herds, as well as people. She would also defend the tuath when it was threatened by use of magic rather than physical weapons. There were gods and goddesses of places like sacred trees, clearings, wells, and the like. Most male gods were associated with a female consort, often mother goddess figures. Shapeshifting was common among Celtic gods and goddesses who often took the form of their favourite animals. Animals were also important in Celtic religious beliefs. Birds were linked with the gods as bringers of omens and messengers. Swans, if portrayed wearing gold or silver chains, were supernatural and often represented gods in bird form. Ravens were messengers of the gods and their calls were considered prophetic. The salmon was regarded as the holder of Otherworld wisdom and a symbol for sacred rivers and pools. The salmon was also considered prophetic, as was the trout. Water sources were especially sacred. The Celts believed that the waters possessed healing powers and that they were entrances into the Otherworld. Gifts were thrown into springs, rivers and sacred wells as gifts to the gods. The Romans co nsidered the Celts very barbaric, because of some of their beliefs and their customs of war. One of the Celtic rituals was human sacrifice. Another custom was based on the fact that they believed that the humans soul is in the head, so they cut off their enemies heads and kept them as trophies. They were also regarded as superstitious for their blessing the houses and performing rituals. Introduction of Christianity When the Romans conquered the Celts, they brought Christian faith with them. The Christianity was well established in Celtic Britain by the 4th century AD and from there it spread to Ireland probably by means of British captives. In the 5th century the Saxons and other Germanic tribes occupied Britain and pushed most of the Celtic Christians into Wales and Cornwall. At the same time, Saint Patrick and other British missionaries founded a new church in Ireland and that church became the centre of Celtic Christianity. St. Patrick is said to have established Christianity in Ireland and introduced literacy, and in the next few centuries it either overthrew or absorbed the old pagan ways. Pagan festivals and holidays were adapted into Christian holy days, and many of the local god and goddess stories converted into tales of Irish saints. The most famous example is the Celtic goddess Brigid, or Bride, who is now known in the Christian Church as St. Brigit, the leading female saint of Ireland. The Christianity on territories occupied by Rome was Episcopal ? under the control of a bishop, but that kind of Christianity demanded more urbanization than there was in the Celtic world. Irish Christianity soon became monastic ? under the leadership of abbots. The Irish monks and monasteries did much to save the knowledge of ancient Roman literature in early medieval Europe. Between the late 6th and the early 8th centuries, Irish missionaries were Christianising Europe, and they founded numerous monasteries in what is today France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. This was the Golden Age of Ireland. It wasnt until the late sixth century that Christianity was reintroduced into Britain; this brand of Christianity, more associated with the practices of the Roman church, came into conflict with Celtic Christianity and its unique practices. By the tenth century, the unique Celtic Christianity of Britain had largely been subordinated to Saxon Christianity. Celtic Christianity in Ireland weakened when the Vikings invaded in the 9th and 10th centuries and by the 12th century its characteristic institutions, which differed from the prevailing traditions of the Roman church, basically disappeared from Europe. CONCLUSIONThere are many theories about Celtic origins, about their mythology and their culture, but they are often only theories. Writing history as such is very complicated and can never be seen as completely accurate. Therefore, one can never be sure of the events from the past. The early Celtic history is based on ?second-hand sources, and ma ny things are too vague to be considered absolute truth. For the most part we can only speculate. Todays romantic view of the Celts is that of magic, heroes and the supernatural. On the other side, there is a sceptic view that denies all connections between the tribes that are considered Celtic. Well probably never know with complete certainty. Nonetheless, we try to find out, we try to shed light, to conclude. With the help of the sources that we can rely on ? archaeological evidence, Romans and monks ? we can make more theories, but they will still be only theories. BibliographyCaesar, Julius : De bello Gallico (Gallic Wars)Ellis, Peter Berresford. The Celtic Empire Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinchs Mythology: The Age of Fable, The Age of Chivalry, Legends of Charlemagne,